The Kulturkampf
Following Vatican Council I in 1870, the Catholic Church in German-speaking countries was troubled both by the splitting off into the Old Catholic Movement of bishops who dissented from some of the council's reforms and by attacks on the Church by Otto von Bismarck, who sought to subjugate religion to the state in the new German Empire. The Collection contains a significant number of documents concerning both the Kulturkampf in Germany and the Old Catholic Movement.